Written by: Fiona Panduri, University of Prishtina
Abstract
This study investigates the media framing and ideological representation of the Banjska Attack, a violent incident that occurred in September, 2023, involving Serb militants and the Kosovo Police. Through a corpus-based comparative analysis of International, Albanian, and Serbian online news sources, the research explores how language, culture, and political context shape public narratives. Findings reveal significant disparities: Albanian media predominantly frames the event as a terrorist act, Serbian outlets often adopt neutral or ambiguous language, while international sources largely echo official statements. Using tools like Sketch Engine, the study identifies patterns in keyword usage and discursive strategies that reflect national interests and political alignment. The study underscores how language and discourse shape public narratives, revealing the media’s potential to either reinforce division or foster reconciliation. Findings highlight the importance of balanced journalism, inclusive sourcing, and critical media literacy in post-conflict societies. This research contributes to a broader understanding of how media discourse influences public perception, regional stability, and democratic development in the Western Balkans.
Keywords: Media Framing, Banjska Attack, Ideological Representation, Corpus-Based Analysis, Interethnic Relations
1. Introduction
Despite ongoing efforts to foster dialogue and promote European integration, recent developments in Kosovo highlight the continued fragility of peace and the persistence of unresolved regional tensions. The main challenge lies in northern Kosovo, particularly in generating allegiance to the Kosovo government from Serb-majority municipalities (Agimi 2016). This issue, along with Kosovo’s broader goal of Euro-Atlantic integration, gained renewed international attention following the Banjska attack on September 24, 2023, when Serb militants launched an armed assault on the Kosovo Police. The attack not only shifted diplomatic perceptions in Prishtina’s favor (International Crisis Group 2024) but also underscored the influence of unresolved ethnic and political disputes.
Although many years have passed since the war in the former Yugoslavia, its legacy remains embedded in both political discourse and public sentiment. Kosovo’s struggle to assert full sovereignty, particularly in the north, continues to be complicated by parallel structures informally supported by Serbia (Zweers et al. 2025). At the same time, international responses have evolved, increasingly reflecting liberal internationalist values that prioritize self-determination and effective governance over rigid sovereignty (Peterson, 2014; Labarre 2007). In this complex context, the media plays a pivotal role in shaping public understanding. While news is expected to be objective and factual (Kelly 2019), media outlets are rarely neutral. Journalists often use grammatical constructions and standard word choices that draw readers in. Most of the time, authors use language terms to increase the significance of headlines (Grabe, Zhou, and Barnett 2001). This tendency of using particular language was seen in the current study too. According to Bell (1995, p. 26), the idea of the story is important to news, and journalists produce stories rather than articles, with structure, order, viewpoint, and values. Sometimes, all the elements mentioned may interfere with the actual story. Herman and Chomsky (1988) famously argue that news is not produced in a vacuum but shaped through ideological filters, a process they call “brainwashing under freedom.” Journalists often rely on narratives, quotes, and institutional authority (e.g., governments, military, major organizations) to construct a version of events. According to Potter (2013), most people perceive news as an unbiased reflection of reality, unaware that what they consume is often a constructed narrative.
Scholars and political observers have commented on the terminology and framing used in coverage of the Banjska attack, yet few applied linguistics studies have employed systematic linguistic analysis to examine how this conflict is represented across different news sources. This research aims to fill that gap by analyzing how the Banjska attack is portrayed in Albanian, Serbian, and International online news media, using the Sketch Engine corpus tool to uncover media selection, narrative strategies, and ideological framing. In essence, this study aims to obtain insights and answer the following research questions:
- Which online news outlets covered the Banjska attack?
- In what ways is the Banjska attack portrayed in Albanian, International, and Serbian online news media?
- What are the predominant narratives employed in the coverage of the Banjska attack across Albanian, International, and Serbian online news?
2. Media Framing and Ideology in the Representation of the Banjska Attack
It is challenging to illustrate how the media constructs itself when news reports are shaped by ideological framing. For instance, US media outlets like CNN, Newsweek, and The New York Times tend to frame international coverage in ways that reflect geopolitical alignment, often linking countries to North Korea based on whether they are viewed as allies or adversaries of the United States (Kim 2014). Similarly, in Serbia, post-war press narratives between 2004 and 2006 largely emphasized perpetrators and reflected strong ethnic biases, particularly in nationalist newspapers (Golčevski et al. 2013). Even media outlets expected to offer alternative views, like Al Jazeera English and Press TV, have been found to reproduce familiar patterns of war journalism and ideological framing, often responding to conflict through counter-demonization and event-driven peace narratives rather than a consistent commitment to conciliatory reporting (Ozohu-Suleiman 2014). This tendency is not exclusive to global networks: elite newspapers in both Pakistan and India have also leaned heavily on war-oriented frames in their coverage of Indo-Pak relations, prioritizing national interest and tension over dialogue and peace-building efforts (Yousaf et al. 2018).
One of the tragic events that received attention from national and international news was the Banjska attack. On the 24th of September, 2023, Serb militants organized an armed attack against the Kosovo Police in the village of Banjska in North Kosovo. Much like the media’s handling of the Palestinian uprising (Safty 1991), the portrayal of the Banjska attack reflects a tendency to frame complex political events through dominant national or ideological lenses. The dreadful Banjska Attack, rooted in both ongoing tensions and long- standing hostilities, underscores the high risk of further escalation of the relations between Kosovo and Serbia (Džihić 2025). This incident led to the death of an Albanian soldier from Kosovo, Afrim Bunjaku, who was posthumously awarded the Hero of Kosovo order. While the attack drew global political attention, it also received significant media coverage.
This corpus- based study looks at how the Banjska Attack was covered in International, Albanian, and Serbian internet news sources in order to explore the complex portrayal of the incident. English is a worldwide medium that frequently presents a distant perspective on regional conflicts, but Albanian and Serbian convey the voices of populations directly touched by the Banjska Attack, each with their own historical grievances and histories. A recent report by BIRN Serbia and Internews Kosova (2023) explores media coverage of Kosovo-Serbia relations, noting both positive and negative aspects. While much of the coverage focuses on incidents, diplomatic discussions, and policy initiatives, mainstream media frequently fails to present a balanced perspective, relying mainly on high-level officials and politicians as sources. Direct quotations from Albanian sources in Serbian media, and vice versa, are uncommon. The research underlines the importance of media outlets broadening their sources, including ordinary people’s opinions, and highlighting chances for cooperation. It advises that journalists use more discretion when transmitting politicians’ words and demands for greater accountability from governments and decision-makers. By examining how the Banjska attack is framed across linguistic and national boundaries, this study seeks to foster dialogue, enhance mutual understanding, and support regional cooperation, contributing to broader efforts toward sustainable growth and stability across Europe.
3. Methodology
Language users typically have a variety of words they can choose from. Yet, when discussing a specific phenomenon or a particular group of people, they often favor certain terminology. This choice can shape and reinforce a particular view of reality (Jaworska & Krishnamurthy 2012). This is why employing a corpus-based analysis provides a more objective lens on media coverage. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to clarify how language features, cultural perspectives, and geopolitical concerns shape the media representation of such events. This comparative analysis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the function of language and media in maintaining or reducing interethnic tensions in conflict-affected areas. By shedding light on how the Banjska attack is framed and perceived across linguistic boundaries, this study hopes to promote discussion, empathy, and, ultimately, reconciliation in the Balkans and beyond. While much of the work in corpus linguistics involves quantitative and statistical tools, the process typically requires significant qualitative interpretation as well, especially when analyzing concordance lines (Baker et al. 2008). Platforms like Sketch Engine provide an accessible range of tools for analyzing extensive historical text datasets. Researchers can take advantage of these features without needing to master technical coding skills, making it a fantastic resource for anyone working with early modern texts (Evans et al. 2021). Sketch Engine is a tool for discovering how languages function (Language Corpus Management and Query System 2019). Its algorithms examine actual texts containing billions of words (text corpora) to rapidly determine what is common in language and what is rare, unusual, or emergent usage. It is also intended for text analysis and mining applications. Similar to prior studies that prioritized official platforms over individual online communication channels (Abdulmajid 2022), this research focuses on the coverage provided by established online newspapers. These sources were selected for their editorial authority and representational influence within their respective linguistic and national contexts. Sketch Engine was used to gather data from newspapers online, including English speaking newspapers, Albanian speaking and Serbian speaking. What is important to note is that the domains used by Sketch Engine were chosen on a linguistic basis, not on a location basis. For instance, for English speaking countries, there are newspapers which are located in the US, but also in Western Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East.
4. Results
This section presents the findings derived from the analysis of online news coverage related to the Banjska attack. The analysis includes both a frequency count of the most commonly referenced news websites and a concordance study examining the linguistic and discursive patterns found in Albanian, International, and Serbian news sources. Below is a chart showing the online newspaper websites used for the analysis.
Figure 1. Considered news websites
Although Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia rather than a news outlet, it was included by Sketch Engine with a frequency of 8.5%. However, it was excluded from the present analysis, as it does not meet the criteria for a news source.
Table 1 presents the frequency and relative percentages of selected narrative terms across the International, Serbian, and Albanian corpora. For example, the keyword “Terrorist” appeared 84 times in the International corpus (0.16%), 29 times in the Serbian corpus (0.05%), and 106 times in the Albanian corpus (0.32%). “Attack” was among the most frequent terms, particularly in the International corpus (0.76%).
Table 1. Word frequency compared across International, Serbian, and Albanian corpora
| Narrative Term | International Corpus (n=53,450) | Serbian Corpus (n=53,066) | Albanian Corpus (n=33,342) |
| Terrorist | 84 (0.16%) | 29 (0.05%) | 106 (0.32%) |
| Attack | 406 (0.76%) | 182 (0.34%) | 111 (0.33%) |
| Soldiers | 0 (0.00%) | 9 (0.02%) | 2 (0.01%) |
| Army | 7 (0.01%) | 25 (0.05%) | 9 (0.03%) |
| “Bunjaku” | 29 (0.05%) | 27 (0.05%) | 58 (0.17%) |
5. Concordance as a Tool to Analyze News Corpora
To interpret the meaning and patterns within the aforementioned news corpora, researchers rely on concordances. Concordance tools help identify keywords that are particularly salient in each corpus. This helps researchers conduct statistical analyses to assess whether the differences observed between sets of keywords are statistically significant or simply the result of random variation (Gere et al. 2019). According to Barlow (2004), concordances and wordlists represent transformed versions of a text, allowing analysts to explore it from multiple perspectives. Moreover, concordances provide users with quick and intuitive access to typical language patterns (Kettemann 1995).
5.1 International Concordance Analysis
Based on the concordance analysis, several conclusions and noteworthy observations can be drawn regarding how international news outlets reported on the Banjska incident. The coverage consistently centers on a specific event identified as a “terrorist attack” that took place in Banjska. This incident is framed within the broader context of ongoing tensions between Kosovo and Serbia, with references to Serbian involvement or accusations directed at Serbian groups and individuals. International news outlets, such as Deutsche Welle (DW), Le Monde.fr, Euractiv, Brussels Signal, and BBC primarily related official statements, often framing the Banjska attack as a ‘terrorist attack’ or ‘terrorist act,’ as characterized by actors such as the European Parliament and officials from Kosovo, without offering additional independent analysis or commentary. Relying on well-known institutions is something many journalists do to seem objective. However, this approach can end up boosting and validating the narratives pushed by government and international organizations. The articles also frequently mention ongoing investigations and official reports, highlighting efforts to determine responsibility for the attack and pointing to the alleged involvement of specific organizations or individuals.
Additionally, the concordance reveals some variation in terminology. While many outlets directly use the term “terrorist,” others appear more cautious, suggesting a contested discourse surrounding how the event should be labeled. This variation reflects the political sensitivity of the incident and the differing perspectives present in the international media landscape.
Figure 2. Concordance lines for the word “attack” from international online news sources reporting on the Banjska incident
5.2 Serbian Concordance Analysis
The concordance analysis reveals that the term “napad” (meaning “attack”) is context-dependent and used in various ways across Serbian news sources. In the case of the Banjska attack, the portrayal of events varies significantly, with descriptions ranging from generic attacks to characterizations as terrorist acts. While the majority of news outlets adopted a generally neutral tone, some demonstrated selective reporting or nuanced framing that may influence reader interpretation. For example, Nedeljnik refers to the incident as “the armed conflict between a group of local Serbs and the Kosovo Police.” Framing the event as an “armed conflict” rather than an “attack” subtly reframes it as a clash between two sides, challenging the narrative of an assault on state authorities.
Although the article itself maintains a neutral tone, the headline “The ‘Banjska’ case after a year: the EU repeats its call, while Kurti claims it was a ‘terrorist attack” highlights the terminology used by Kosovo’s Prime Minister. This choice introduces an element of framing that may steer the reader toward a specific perspective by foregrounding the label “terrorist attack”. Similarly, “Nova.rs” published the headline: “The drama in Banjska is over: a Kosovo policeman and three members of an armed group were killed; Serbs from northern Kosovo opened fire; Vučić finally responded”. The use of the word “drama” arguably downplays the severity of a violent incident involving multiple fatalities. While the article itself conveys key facts, the headline’s phrasing lacks the gravity expected in professional reporting. Danas.rs presented ambiguity, noting uncertainty about the event’s details and reflecting local Serb views that honor the deceased as freedom fighters, not terrorists. The recurrent use of “Metohija” is also notable, as it holds ethnopolitical weight and is contentious among Albanian audiences. While it is traditionally used in Serbian discourse, it is often perceived as offensive by Albanians due to its etymological roots in the Greek word “metoh”, meaning “church land.” The region is known for its concentration of Serbian religious monuments and its geographical proximity to Albania (Petrović & Stefanović, 2010). Other outlets such as 021.rs, Blic.rs, and Nova.rs frequently refer to the incident as an “armed conflict” between a group of local Serbs and the Kosovo Police. In contrast, international outlets in Serbian language like Voice of America, BBC, and Al Jazeera predominantly focused on international reactions, which largely involved condemnation of the attack. The Montenegrin outlet Vijesti.me reported: “Kosovo: A policeman and three attackers were killed; several were arrested,” adopting a more straightforward tone.
Figure 3. “The drama in Banjska is over: a Kosovo policeman and three members of an armed group were killed, Serbs shot from the north of Kosovo, Vučić finally spoke out” (Nova.rs)
5.3 Albanian Concordance Analysis
The concordance analysis of the Albanian term “sulm” (meaning “attack”) in online news coverage of the Banjska incident reveals a consistent and politically charged framing across various Albanian-language media outlets. The word “sulm” frequently appears alongside the descriptor “terrorist,” reinforcing a dominant narrative that portrays the incident as a “sulm terrorist” (terrorist attack). This terminology is often attributed to statements by Kosovo officials, Albanian political figures, and representatives of the European Union, reflecting a high degree of alignment between media discourse and official political rhetoric. The use of consistent language plays a key role in shaping a unified national story. It clearly identifies Kosovo as a victim of external aggression and strategically employs the widely acknowledged term “terrorism.” This approach aims to gather international support and validate the state’s security measures.
Furthermore, many outlets explicitly attribute responsibility for the attack to Serbia, with some describing it as a well-organized act orchestrated by professional groups. For instance, one article states that the attack was “completely staged by the Serbian state” and compares it to actions typically associated with Russian military aggression, suggesting a deliberate use of emotionally and politically charged language to intensify the narrative. In addition, many articles highlight the death of Kosovo Police officer Afrim Bunjaku, using this detail to underscore the severity of the event and evoke public sympathy. Overall, the usage of “sulm” in the analyzed corpus reflects a clear editorial and political stance, aligning closely with national and international narratives that support Kosovo’s sovereignty.
Figure 4. Dukagjini and Pamfleti directly implicate Serbia as the orchestrator, stating “a terrorist attack seen as completely staged by the Serbian state” and “yet another attack orchestrated by the Serbian state”
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
This study has illustrated how the Banjska attack was portrayed across International, Albanian, and Serbian online media, uncovering distinct linguistic patterns through corpus analysis. The findings reveal a significant divergence in media framing: Albanian media constructed a unified narrative of a “terrorist attack” orchestrated by Serbia; Serbian media employed varied and often ambiguous language that neutralized the event’s severity; and international outlets primarily amplified official statements without independent interpretation.
As Van Dijk (2015) claims, ideologies are learnt rather than being innate. They are typically formed and reproduced through ideological discourse, such as news stories, editorials, and textbooks. An unbiased approach to media discourse is essential for uncovering underlying ideological positions, particularly in the context of the current conflict, which represents a battle of narratives where media coverage often reduces complexity to polarizing binaries. As Van Dijk (2006) notes, such manipulation differs from legitimate persuasion by disguising dominant interests, thereby misleading the audience. The Corpus-Based Analysis in this paper, therefore, aimed to uncover these methods of media persuasion.
This need becomes more urgent in light of Bohnet and Gold’s (2011) argument that sustainable democratization requires pragmatic cooperation. Advancing these goals for Kosovo will depend on greater alignment with Western policy and renewed efforts to rebuild trust with local Serb communities (Zorić & Deda, 2024). In this context, using linguistic corpora to analyze media discourse offers valuable tools for understanding how narratives are constructed. When combined with collaborative, cross-border research, such approaches can foster deeper dialogue and contribute to long-term peacebuilding between Serbia and Kosovo and across wider regional divides. By encouraging cooperation grounded in shared understanding, these efforts align with broader goals of strengthening European unity and building a more resilient and inclusive future
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